目錄英語語言學包括什么 語言學英語怎么讀 英語語言學的認識和理解 英語詞匯構成法 語言現象有哪些方面
英語語言學要怎么學
瞇秸學習都包括哪些內容?
無論你花費了多大的心血,如果沒有一個明確的方向,就會過得很茫然菲莢
真的前悶褲有毅力想學好,背課文!記筆記!堅持背,非常有效!要點如下:第一章 緒 論
領會掌握和理解語言學研究范疇,人類語言的區別性特征以及語言學研究中的重要概念:規定性和描述性;共時性和歷時性;口頭語和書面語;語言和言語;能力和運用。
識記定義:語言學、語言、任意性、創造性、二重性、移位性、文化傳遞性
第二章 音系學
領會掌握音系學和語音學的相似性和相異性、音系的序列規則、同化規則和省略規則;超音位特征對語義的影響;了解人類的發音器官、母音和子音的分類原則,并能利用這些原則對語音進行分類與識別。
識記語音學、寬式和嚴式標音法、音素、音位、音位變體、音位對立、互補分布、最小對立對以及超音位特征。
第三章 形態學
領會掌握構詞規則和構詞方法、和復合法的書寫特征、句法特征、語義特征和語音特征。
識記形態學、語素、自由語素、黏著語素、詞根、詞綴、屈折詞綴、派生詞綴。
第四章 句法學
領會理解句子的基本成分和型別、句子的組合規則、句子的線性與層次性、深層與表層關系以及普遍語法原則。
識記句法學、層次結構、語法范疇、語法關系、短語結構規則、X-標桿理論、普遍語法。能利用所學的語法學知識分析相關問題。
第五章 語義學
理解掌握語義研究的幾種主要理論:命名論、意念論、語境論、行為主義論;主要的意義關系;意義分析的兩種形式:成分分析和述謂結構分析;句子間的語義關系:如:同義關系、矛盾關系、蘊涵關系、預設關系、矛盾句、語義反常等。
識記定義語義學、意義、所指、同義關系:方言同義詞、文體同義詞、表情意義和評價意義相異的同義詞、搭配同義詞、語義相異的同義詞;反義關系:可分等級反義詞、互補反義詞、關系反義詞;多義現象;同形同音異義現象;上下義關系。
第六章 語用學
領會掌握語用學與傳統語義學的區別、語境、句子語義與話語語義的區別、言有所為與言有所述的區別;言內行為、言外行為和言和行為;Searle的言外行為分類以及闡述類,指令類,承諾類,表達類和宣告類的言外之的;能夠使用言語行為理論和會話原則解釋一些語言現象。
識記定義語用學、合作原則、數量準則、質量準則、關系準則和方式準則;
第七章 歷史語言學
領會掌握研究語言變化的目的與意義;語言變化的本質;英語歷史發展的主要階段以及各個階段的特點;英語的語音變化、形態變化、句法變化、詞匯變化、語義變化慧簡;語系的劃分,尤其是印歐語系;語言變化的原因:如語音同化、規則的簡化、內部借用、規則的細化、社會因素和文化傳播等。
識記歷史語言學、歷時語言學、原始語、語系、同源詞、古英語、中古英語、母音大變位、詞尾音脫落、插入音、語音變位;合成法、派生法、首字母縮略法、混合法、縮寫法、略寫法、逆成法等;語義的廣義化、語義的狹義化、語義的演變等。
第八章 社會語言學
領會掌握語言與社會的關系,交際場罩宴景中各種社會因素對語言使用的影響;明確語言使用中的各種變體的本質特征,如地域變體、社會變體、語域變體等;理解黑人英語的語言特征、男性與女性的言語特征;弄清禁忌語和委婉語的本質聯絡,稱呼語與社會因素的聯絡;雙言與雙語現象、共同語(Linguo franca)與洋徑浜語(pidgin)以及標準語與非標準語的相似性和相異性。
識記定義社會語言學、言語社群、社會方言、地域方言、個人言語、語域、標準語、通用語、洋徑浜語、克里奧爾語、雙言現象、雙語現象、民族方言、教育變體、年齡變體、性別變體、稱呼語、俚語、禁忌語、委婉語。
第九章 心理語言學
領會掌握語言的生理基礎、語言側化、語言的中樞、語言習得的關鍵期以及語言與思維的關系;蓋奇案例、吉妮案例以及兩耳分聽實驗的語言學意義;各種功能在左右腦中的側化以及語言中樞中的布羅卡區、韋尼克區和角形腦回在語言感知、理解和表達中的作用;了解有關語言與思維關系的一些早期觀點;弄清薩丕爾—沃爾夫假設,并能夠從詞和意義的關系,語法結構,語言的可譯性,第二語言習得,語言與世界觀等方面對薩丕爾——沃爾夫假設進行批判;明確語言的主要功能以及語言對思維的影響。
識記定義:心理語言學、大腦皮層、側化、右耳優勢、關鍵期、語言決定論、語言相對論、薩丕爾—沃爾夫假設、自我交際、無聲言語、有聲思維
第十章 語言習得
領會掌握人類語言能力的生理基礎和發展過程;語言習得主要是語法規則的習得;第一語言習得與第二語言習得的相異性和相似性;第一語言習得發展過程的各階段、各階段兒童語言的特征以及第一語言習得中語言輸入、交流的作用,語言教學的作用,糾錯與強化的作用和模仿的作用;Krashen有關習得與學習的區別;第二語言習得中語言輸入的作用,教學的作用以及年齡、動機、語言文化輸入、個性等個人因素對第二語言習得的影響。
識記定義:語言習得、幼兒保育人言語、行為主義的學習理論、獨詞句、雙詞句、多詞句、電報式言語、語言轉移、干擾、對比分析、語際語、語言僵化、動機、介入性動機、性動機、語言文化移入等。
英語語言學該怎么學?
那個說實話 確實是很難的 如果你不考研,平常看看就行了,也就是應付下考試,走到社會上工作完全沒有任何作用。如果你考研的話 就得好好學了,首先是單詞吧 單詞太多生詞了 你得一點點啃,其次是要理解很多概念性的 不要死記硬背 那樣過幾天就忘記了。
本科英語語言學怎么學
看書,做習題,背相應的概念,找例子,這幾步真正做到了就沒什么問題了,語言學完全可以自學的
英語語言學教程怎么學
英語是一門語言,學習語言的根本在于記憶。把概念記住并理解,認真的記憶一定能學好。
教程只是基礎,真心想學好,需要擴充套件
英語語言學是英語語言文學專業培養計劃中的一門基礎必修課,其重要性不言而喻。該課程的目標包括傳授現代語言學知識、提高學生英語學習能力、激發學生對從事語言研究的興趣,培養學生的創新能力等。
大學英語語言學怎么學
從語言的實際考證 比如導論 語言的基本特點 區別性特征 都是很有實際意義的 語音學 總就糾正自己的發音 音系學 什么重音了 重音不同 語義也會不同 詞匯學形態學 構詞法 從自己的實際出發 激發興趣 你會有很大收獲的
怎么學好英語語言學啊
天天背單詞...多讀..多聽..貴在一個堅持...堅持...還是堅持...
英語語言學題目
看不到 你把單詞打出來吧
英語語言學論文
廣告語的語用分析,預設,會話含義方面
人物語言的語用分析,禮貌原則,會話含義,會話分析方面
也可以寫語用學在教師課堂用語方面的,比如unfair presupposition
再具體點就去搜相關論文吧
1. 語言學
1)如果指研究人類語言的性質和結構的學科,可以翻譯為:Linguistics
2)如果指歷史比較語言文褲毀獻學,可以翻譯為:Philology
2.應用語言學
應該理解為前者,翻譯為:Applied Linguistics
其他如 applied mathematics 應用數學; applied physics 應用物理學也胡辯備都是這樣翻譯的。
3)語灶扒言學與應用語言學——兩種翻譯如下:
Linguistics andApplied Linguistics
Philologyand Applied Linguistics
英語語言學名詞解釋如下:
英語語言學是英語語言文學專業培養計劃中的一門基礎必修課,其重要性不言而喻。該課程的目標包括傳授現代語言學知識提高學生英語學習能力、激發學生對從事語言研究的興趣,培美學生的創新能力。英語語言學課程由三個知識模塊組成:理論啟蒙、基礎理論、研究方法。
理論啟蒙模塊內容涉及英語的詞匯知識、語音知識、語法知識、修辭知識、語體知識、英語變體、英語學習策略等。基礎理論模塊由英語語言學概論執行,內容涉及語言的各種屬性、語言學的學科知識、語音學、形態學、句法學、語義學、語用學、社會語言學、語言與心理、語與文化、進言習得等。
研究方游亂法模塊通過介紹語言學研究的設計與分析方法,幫助學生掌握從事語言研究的本領,并直接與本科畢業論文的寫作掛鉤。材料補充:英語語言文學專業培養專業功底扎實、專業技食熟練、知識結構完善、國碧磨臘際視野宏闊、具有良好人文修美和深厚人文情懷,具有較強思辨力、領導力和創新力的通用型國際化高端英語人才。
英語語言文學專業培養目標:培養學生具有堅定正確的政治方向、良好的品德修養、健康的心理素質。英語語言文學專業培養厚基礎、寬口徑的英語實用型人才,熟練掌握聽、說、讀、寫、譯等實踐技能,深刻了解英語語言、文學以及英語國家歷史、社會、文化、政治、經濟等知識。
并具有扎實的實踐能力和比較廣博的人文社會科學文化知識和初步的科學研究能力。同時,在第二外語和計算機方面具悔滑有一定的應用能力。其就業方向:能熟練地運用英語在旅游、外事、文化、新聞出版、教育、科研等部門從事教學、翻譯、研究、教學、管理等工作。
語言學是對語言的培仔大研究,對于一個學習英語的人來說,應該懂一點語言學的知識,它可以在理論上對學習語言有指導作用,有助于更好的學習語言,下面介紹一點語言學知識.
I. Introduction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(語言學)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(區分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原則) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范疇) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(說明戚睜性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共時) and Diachronic(歷時) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(語配豎言) and Parole(言語)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索緒爾)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(實際的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行為)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(發聲).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(語音學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韻學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(詞法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(語義學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(應用語言學) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(歷史語言學) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文語言學) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神經語言學) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(數學語言學) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(計算語言學) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(語音學)
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(發音語音學)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協調) in the process.
Auditory phonetics (聽覺語音學)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調節) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經) and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (聲學語音學) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(傳送) between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發生器官) the producer of voice(聲音發生器官) and the resonating cavities.(聲音共振器官)
3. Consonants(輔音)
Places of articulation(發音部位): bilabial,(雙唇) Labiodentals,(唇齒) dental,(齒) alveolar,(齒齦) retroflex,(卷舌) palate-alveolar,(上齒齦) palatal,(上顎) velar,(軟腭) uvular,(小舌) glottal(聲門)
Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(顫音) lateral,(邊音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)
4. Vowels (元音)
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology(音韻學)
1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有區別的) sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位變體):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小對立體): word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由變異):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環境), they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(補充分類):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties(性質) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節), stress,(重音) word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音調)and intonation(語調).
IV. Morphology(詞法)
1. inflection(構形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴)
2. Word-formation(構詞):the processes(過程) of word variations signaling lexical relationships.(表明詞法關系) They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生).
3. Morpheme(詞素): the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同質異象變體): some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根) affix(詞綴) and stem(詞干).
6. Lexicon(語言詞匯):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封閉性) and open-class words(開放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(實際上) indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(詞性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(詞位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(習語,成語):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(詞序) which is semantically(語義上) and often syntactically(句法上) restricted.(限制)
11. Collocation(搭配): the habitual(習慣的) co-occurrences (同時出現)of individual lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法)
1. Positional relation or word order(詞序):the sequential(順序) arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子結構): the overall process of internal (內部)organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能): the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修飾語) complements(補語), etc.
4. Category(范疇):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主義):Following F. De Saussure(索學爾)'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier (所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的) "associative" bond.(相關聯系)
2. Mechanism(機械主義):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布魯費爾德) for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力現象)
3. Contextualism (語境主義):It is based on the presumption(假定) that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行為主義):Behaviourists attempt to define (定義)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景) in which the speaker utters(說話) it and the response(反應) it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主義):Functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格學派) linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(爭辯) that meaning could only be interpreted(解釋) from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同義詞),antonymy(反義詞),hyponymy(下層次)Polysemy(一詞多義)and Homonymy (同音異義詞)
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分) analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意義成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (語言變化)
1. Lexical change(詞匯的變化):changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造詞)new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成詞)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合詞):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(縮寫)A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的縮寫詞)It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修飾) headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆構詞) It refers to an abnormal(非正常) type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉) an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(類比造詞)It can account for(說明) the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(結合) of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音變):It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音) addition,(加音) assimilation,( 同化)dissimilation.(異化)
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(詞法) and syntax(句法) are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(語義變化)It includes broadening,(語義擴大) narrowing,(語義縮小) meaning shift,(意義轉化) class shift(詞性轉換) and folk etymology.(詞源變化)
14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
英語語言學是英語語言文學專業培養計劃中的一門基礎必修課,其重要性不言而喻。該課程的目標包括系斗碰統傳授現代語言學知識、提高學生英語學習能力、激發學生對從事語言研究的興趣,培養學生的創新能力等。
采取的解決方法包括:積極探索教學手段和方法的革新,嘗試運用研究性教學的教學路線,注重理論聯系實際,充分運用互聯網和現代教育技術,編寫課程電子教案,實施課程網絡化,拓展課程教學資源,最終實現課程趣味性、性、自主性、先進性和科學性的有機結合。
擴展資料:
課程簡介
英語語言學課程由三個知識模塊組成:理論啟蒙、基礎理論、研究方法。理論啟蒙模塊內容涉及英語的詞匯知識、語音知識、語法知識、修辭知識態銷悉、語體知識、英語變體、英語學習策略等。
基礎理論模塊由英語語言學概論執行,內容涉及語言的各種屬性、語言學的學科知識、語音學、形態學、句法學、語義學、語用學、帆乎社會語言學、語言與心理、語言與文化、語言習得等。
研究方法模塊通過介紹語言學研究的設計與分析方法,幫助學生掌握從事語言研究的本領,并直接與本科畢業論文的寫作掛鉤。
參考資料-英語語言學